一、通信系统模型
通信中产生、发送信息的一端称为信源,接收信息的一端称为信宿,而信源和信宿之间的通信线路称为信道。

例:信息的传输模型中包括信源、编码器、信道、解码器、信宿、噪声等要素。噪声主要对( )形成干扰或影响。
A、信源
B、编码器
C、信道
D、解码器
二、信道特性
信道包括模拟信道和数字信道。信道最重要的一个特性就是信道容量,就是信道上数据所能够达到的传输速率。

1、带宽
模拟信道的带宽W=最高频率f2 – 最低频率f1。
两者都是由信道的物理特性决定的,信道的电路制成后,带宽就决定了,因此它是影响信道传输速率的客观性因素。
2、噪声
信息在传输过程中可能会受到外界的干扰,这种干扰就称为噪声,它会使得信道的传输速率降低。
3、计算信道的数据速率

(1)有噪声的香农理论
香农理论描述了有限带宽、有随机热噪声信道的最大传输速率与信道带宽、信号噪声功率比(S/N,简称信噪比)之间的关系。
由于S/N的比值太大,通常使用分贝数(dB)表示
dB =10×lg(S/N)
C=Wlog2(1+S/N)
例如,S/N=1000时,用分贝表示就是30dB。如果带宽是3kHz,则极限数据速率是:
C=3000×log2(1+1000)≈3000×9.97≈30Kbps
例:设信道带宽为4000Hz,信噪比为30dB,按照香农定理,信道容量为( )。
A.4Kb/s
B.1.6Kb/s
C.40Kb/s
D.120Kb/s
(2)无噪声
无噪声时使用奈奎斯特定律(也称为奈式定律)。
码元是指一个数字脉冲,是一个数据信号的基本单位,而比特是一个二制数位,一位可以表示两个值。因此,如果码元可取两个离散值,则只需1bit表示;若可取4个离散值,则需要2bit来表示。
码元有多少个不同种类取决于其使用的调制技术。
R=Blog2N
例:设信号的波特率为 500Baud,采用幅度-相位复合调制技术,由 4 种幅度和8 种相位组成 1 6 种码元,则信道的数据速率为( ) 。
A.500 b/s
B.1000 b/s
C.2000 b/s
D.4800 b/s
例:正交幅度调制16-QAM的数据速率是码元速率的 ( ) 倍。
A.2
B.4
C.8
D.16
4、误码率
误码是由于在信号传输中,衰变改变了信号的电压,致使信号在传输中遭到破坏,产生误码。
误码率=传输中的误码/所传输的总码数*100%
Pc=Ne(出错的位数)/N(传送的总位数)
噪音、交流电或闪电造成的脉冲、传输设备故障及其他因素都会导致误码。
5、信道延迟
信道延迟是指信号从源端到达宿端需要的时间。
信道延迟与源端和宿端的距离有关,也与具体信道中的信号传播速度有关。
在电缆中的传播速度一般为光速的77%,即200 m/us左右。
例如500m同轴电缆的时延大约是2.5us,卫星信道的单程时延大约是270 ms。
例:在地面上相距2000公里的两地之间通过电缆传输4000比特长的数据包,数据速率为64Kb/s,从开始发送到接收完成需要的时间为( )。
A.48ms
B.640ms
C.32.5ms
D.72.5ms
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